CSCI 237

Computer Organization

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Lab 6: Writing a Dynamic Storage Allocator

Overview

In this lab, you will be writing a dynamic storage allocator for C programs, i.e., your own version of the malloc and free routines. This is a classic implementation problem with many interesting algorithms and opportunities to put several of the skills you have learned in this course to good use. It is tricky! Start early!

You may discuss your work with a partner on this lab. If you choose to discuss your work with a partner, make sure that both members of the group are contributing equally to the discussion. Moreover, each student must submit their own individual code that they wrote entirely by themselves.

Learning Objectives

• Implement a memory allocator using an explicit free list.
• Examine how algorithm choice impacts tradeoffs between utilization and throughput.
• Read and modify a substantial C program.
• Improve your C programming skills including gaining more experience with structs, pointers, macros, and debugging.

Instructions

Repository Organization

Inside your repository, you will find a number of files. The only file you will modify and turn in is mm.c. However, you may find several of the files, including the short README.md file, quite useful to read.

Your dynamic storage allocator will consist of the following three functions (and several helper functions), which are declared in mm.h and defined in mm.c:

	int   mm_init(void);
	void* mm_malloc(size_t size);
	void  mm_free(void* ptr);

The starter mm.c file in your repository partially implements an allocator using an explicit free list. Your job is to complete this implementation by filling out mm_malloc and mm_free. The three main memory management functions should work as follows:

• mm_init (provided): Before calling mm_malloc or mm_free, the application program (i.e., the trace-driven driver program that you will use to evaluate your implementation) calls mm_init to perform any necessary initializations, such as allocating the initial heap area. The return value is -1 if there was a problem in performing the initialization, 0 otherwise.
• mm_malloc: The mm_malloc routine returns a pointer to an allocated block payload of at least size bytes. (size_t is a type for describing sizes; it's an unsigned integer that can represent a size spanning all of memory, so on x86_64 it is a 64-bit unsigned value.) The entire allocated block should lie within the heap region and should not overlap with any other allocated block.
• mm_free: The mm_free routine frees the block pointed to by ptr. It returns nothing. This routine is guaranteed to work only when the passed pointer (ptr) was returned by an earlier call to mm_malloc and has not yet been freed. These semantics match the the semantics of the corresponding malloc and free routines in libc. Type man malloc in the shell for complete documentation.

Your malloc implementation should always return 8-byte-aligned pointers.

Provided Code

The BlockInfo struct is designed to be used as a node in a doubly-linked explicit free list, and the following functions are available for manipulating free lists:

• struct BlockInfo* search_free_list(int req_size): returns a block of at least the requested size if one exists (and NULL otherwise)
• void insert_free_block(struct BlockInfo* block_info): inserts the given block in the free list in LIFO (last in first out) manner
• void remove_free_block(struct BlockInfo* block_info): removes the given block from the free list

In addition, mm_init is already implemented, along with two helper functions that implement important parts of the allocator:

• void request_more_space(int incr): enlarges the heap by incr bytes (if enough memory is available on the machine to do so)
• void coalesce_free_block(struct BlockInfo* old_block): coalesces any other free blocks that are adjacent in memory to old_block into a single new large block, and updates the free list accordingly

Finally, there are a number of C preprocessor macros to extract common pieces of code (constants, annoying casts/pointer manipulation) that might be prone to error. Each is documented in the code. You are welcome to create your own macros as well, though the ones already included in mm.c are the only ones used in our sample solutions, so it's possible without more. For more info on macros, check the GCC manual.

• FREE_LIST_HEAD: returns a pointer to the first block in the free list (the head of the free list)
• UNSCALED_POINTER_ADD and UNSCALED_POINTER_SUB: useful for doing pointer arithmetic without worrying about the size of struct BlockInfo.
• Other short utilities for extracting the size field and determining block size

Additionally, for debugging purposes, you may want to print the contents of the heap. You can use the included examine_heap function to do that.

Memory System

The memlib.c package simulates the memory system for your dynamic memory allocator. In your allocator, you can call the following functions (if you use the provided code for an explicit free list, most uses of the memory system calls are already covered).

• void* mem_sbrk(int incr): Expands the heap by incr bytes, where incr is a positive nonzero integer and returns a pointer to the first byte of the newly allocated heap area. The semantics are identical to the Unix sbrk function, except that mem_sbrk accepts only a positive nonzero integer argument. (Run man sbrk if you want to learn more about what this does in Unix.)
• void* mem_heap_lo(): Returns a pointer to the first byte in the heap
• void* mem_heap_hi(): Returns a pointer to the last byte in the heap.
• size_t mem_heapsize(): Returns the current size of the heap in bytes.
• size_t mem_pagesize(): Returns the system's page size in bytes (4KiB on Linux systems).

The Trace-driven Driver Program

The driver program mdriver.c tests your mm.c package for correctness, space utilization, and throughput. Use the command make to generate the driver code and run it with the command ./mdriver -V (the -V flag displays helpful summary information as described below).

The driver program is controlled by a set of trace files that it will expect to find in a subdirectory called traces. Your private repository's traces subdirectory is at the correct location relative to the driver. (If you want to move the trace files around, you can update the TRACEDIR path in config.h). Each trace file contains a sequence of allocate and free directions that instruct the driver to call your mm_malloc and mm_free routines in some sequence. The driver and the trace files are the same ones used when grading your submitted mm.c file.

The mdriver executable accepts the following command line arguments:

• -t <tracedir>: Look for the default trace files in directory tracedir instead of the default directory defined in config.h.
• -f <tracefile>: Use one particular tracefile for testing instead of the default set of tracefiles.
• -h: Print a summary of the command line arguments.
• -l: Run and measure libc malloc in addition to your malloc package.
• -v: Verbose output. Print a performance breakdown for each tracefile in a compact table.
• -V: More verbose output. Prints additional diagnostic information as each trace file is processed. Useful during debugging for determining which trace file is causing your malloc package to fail.

Programming Rules

• You should not change any of the interfaces in mm.c (e.g. names of functions, number and type of parameters, etc.).
• You should not invoke any memory-management related library calls or system calls. This means you cannot use malloc, calloc, free, realloc, sbrk, brk or any variants of these calls in your code. (You may use all the functions in memlib.c, of course.)
• You are not allowed to define any global or static compound data structures such as arrays, structs, trees, or lists in your mm.c program. You are allowed to declare global scalar variables such as integers, floats, and pointers in mm.c, but try to keep these to a minimum. (It is possible to complete the implementation of the explicit free list without adding any global variables.)
• For consistency with the malloc implementation in libc, which returns blocks aligned on 8-byte boundaries, your allocator must always return pointers that are aligned to 8-byte boundaries. The driver will enforce this requirement for you.

Evaluation

Your grade will be calculated (as a percentage) out of a total of 55 points as follows:

• Correctness (45 points). You will receive 5 points for each test performed by the driver program that your solution passes. (9 tests)
• Performance (5 points). Performance represents a small portion of your grade. We are most concerned about the correctness of your implementation. For the most part, a correct implementation will yield reasonable performance. Two performance metrics will be used to evaluate your solution:
  • Space utilization: The peak ratio between the aggregate amount of memory used by the driver (i.e., allocated via mm_malloc but not yet freed via mm_free) and the size of the heap used by your allocator. The optimal ratio is 1, although in practice we will not be able to acheive that ratio. You should find good policies to minimize fragmentation in order to make this ratio as close as possible to the optimal.
  • Throughput: The average number of operations completed per second.
  The driver program summarizes the performance of your allocator by computing a performance index, P, which is a weighted sum of the space utilization and throughput:

  P = 0.6U + 0.4 min (1, T/Tlibc)

  where U is your space utilization, T is your throughput, and T_libc is the estimated throughput of libc malloc on your system on the default traces. The performance index favors space utilization over throughput. You will receive 5(P+ 0.1) points, rounded up to the closest whole point. For example, a solution with a performance index of 0.63 or 63% will receive 4 performance points. Our complete version of the explicit free list allocator has a performance index between just over 0.7 and 0.8; it would receive a full 5 points. Thus if you have a performance index GREATER THAN 0.7 (mdriver prints this as "70/100") then you will get the full 5 points for Performance. Observing that both memory and CPU cycles are expensive system resources, we adopt this formula to encourage balanced optimization of both memory utilization and throughput. Ideally, the performance index will reach P = 1 or 100%. To receive a good performance score, you must achieve a balance between utilization and throughput.
• Style (5 points). So far, we have not emphasized style in our C programming; as we got our feet wet with new syntax and concepts, we have primarily focused on functionally correct implementations. For this lab, we would like you to write code that is both correct and representative of good aesthetic choices. Well-written code will be easier to debug, maintain, and extend.
  • Your code should use as few global variables as possible (ideally none!).
  • Your code should be as clear and concise as possible.
  • You should use provided macros whenever appropriate.
  • Since some of the unstructured pointer manipulation inherent to allocators can be confusing, short inline comments on steps of the allocation algorithms are also recommended. (These will also help us give you partial credit if you have a partially working implementation.)
  • Each function should have a header comment that describes what it does and how it does it.

Hints

Getting Started

• Read these instructions.
• Read over the provided code.
• Take notes while doing the above.
• Draw some diagrams of what the data structures should look like before and after various operations.

Debugging

• Use the mdriver -f option. During initial development, using tiny trace files will simplify debugging and testing. We have included two such trace files (short1-bal.rep and short2-bal.rep) that you can use for initial debugging.
• Use the mdriver -v and -V options. The -v option will give you a detailed summary for each trace file. The -V will also indicate when each trace file is read, which will help you isolate errors.
• Compile with gcc -g and use gdb. The -g flag tells gcc to include debugging symbols, so gdb can follow the source code as it steps through the executable. The Makefile should already be set up to do this. A debugger will help you isolate and identify out of bounds memory references. You can specify any command line arguments for mdriver after the run command in gdb e.g. run -f short1-bal.rep.
• Understand every line of the malloc implementation in the textbook. The textbook has a detailed example of a simple allocator based on an implicit free list. Use this as a point of departure. Don't start working on your allocator until you understand everything about the simple implicit list allocator.
• Write a function that treats the heap as an implicit list (see examine_heap above), and prints all header information from all the blocks in the heap. Using fprintf to print to stderr is helpful here because standard error is not buffered so you will get output from your print statements even if the next statement crashes your program.
• Encapsulate your pointer arithmetic in C preprocessor macros. Pointer arithmetic in memory managers is confusing and error-prone because of all the casting that is necessary. We have supplied macros that do this: see UNSCALED_POINTER_ADD and UNSCALED_POINTER_SUB!!!
• Start early, and good luck!